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India FAQs

The "123 agreement" is named for the section of U.S. code governing nuclear sales.

[Source: The New Republic editorial, "Bang Galore", Sept 10, 2007 cover date, p. 1]

India is emerging as a fast growing economy. According to World Bank estimates, its rate of energy demand will grow at 5.3 per cent per annum in the first decade of the 21st century and at 10 per cent per annum by 2020.

[Source: Manpreet Sethi, "Non-proliferators Inc", The Indian Express, March 2, 2004]

Population: 1 billion

Democracy.

Lingering conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir. The two countries have fought three wars since 1947.

NPT: Has not joined..

NUCLEAR WEAPONS: YES

Is believed to have 30 to 35 nuclear warheads. Nuclear cores are stored separately from other components, but can be assembled within days..

NUCLEAR CAPABILITIES:

-- Nuclear program began in late 1950s.

-- Has produced 500 to 800 pounds of weapons-grade plutonium, enough for 50 to 90 warheads, and a smaller amount of weapons-grade uranium.

-- Apart from 14 power reactors and 12 more under construction, India has 2 breeder reactors, 4 uranium enrichment plants, 6 uranium processing facilities and 4 plutonium reprocessing plants..

DELIVERY SYSTEM: India began its missile program in 1983.

-- It has deployed one ballistic missile the Prithvi, with a range of 90 miles, capable of carrying nuclear payloads. The Agni-1 (900-mile range) has been tested, but its status is unclear. The Agni-2 (1,250-mile range) also has been tested and may be in production. Agni-3 (3,000-mile range) may also be under development.

-- Nuclear-capable aircraft produced in India based on Soviet MiGs and Anglo-French Jaguar aircraft.

[Source: The San Francisco Chronicle, "The dangerous world of nuclear weapons", FEBRUARY 22, 2004, p. A21]

India links from IAEA

* Atomic Energy Commission

* Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

* Institute Of Physics, Bhubaneswar

* Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam

* Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata

* Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai

* Institute for Plasma Research,Ganhinagar

* Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore

* Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata

* Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

* Madras Atomic Power Station

* Narora Atomic Power Station

* Rajasthan Atomic Power Station

* Tarapur Nuclear Power Station

* Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.

* Electronics Corporation of India Ltd.

* Heavy Water Board, Mumbai

* Indian Rare Earths Ltd.

* Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad

* Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.

* Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai

* The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai

* Central Power Research Institute (CPRI, Bangalore)

India news

March 7, 2008

* India-US n-deal - Left issues fresh nuke ultimatum | Karat seeks meet, Cong cites national prode

March 3, 2008

This is from the front page of today's Daily News & Analysis, of Mumbai, India.

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March 3, 2008

This is from the front page of today's The Telegraph, of Calcutta, India.

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February 27, 2008

This is from the front page of today's DNA - Daily News & Analysis, of Mumbai, India.

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February 25, 2008

This is from the front page of today's The Telegraph, of Calcutta, India.

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February 24, 2008

This is top story on front page of today's The Telegraph, of Calcutta, India.

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February 15, 2008

This is from the front page of today's DNA - Daily News & Analysis, of Mumbai, India.

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February 6, 2008

India's longstanding leadership in nuclear nonproliferation

Excerpt from External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee's speech at the 10th Asian Security Conference organised by Institute of Defence Studies and Analyis in New Delhi on February 5:

India, as you know, has held a principled position on the issue of nuclear weapons since the dawn of the nuclear age. It has many firsts to its credit in promoting arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. As early as 1954, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru issued the first ever call for a standstill to nuclear weapons tests. In 1965, it was India that first put forward the principles for a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Indian enthusiasm for the NPT waned when it saw the reluctance of established nuclear powers to give up their arsenals.

But in all these years, we have strictly abided by all the basic obligations enshrined in this treaty as they apply to nuclear weapon states. Today, as a responsible nuclear weapon power, we are even more mindful of our duty to control the spread of WMD technologies and their delivery systems. We have signalled our willingness to be a part of the international consensus by adopting a comprehensive WMD Export Control legislation.

We have also harmonised our export control lists with those prescribed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group and Missile Technology Control Regime. These measures also fulfill the obligations prescribed by UN Security Council Resolution 1540, which calls upon states to refrain from supporting non-state actors in their quest for weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.

We do not wish to see the emergence of additional nuclear weapon states, for it will only further endanger international security. And our goal continues to be a world free of nuclear weapons. This year marks 20 years the since the late Rajiv Gandhi presented a bold action plan for a nuclear weapon free and non-violent world order. The central premises of the 1988 Rajiv Gandhi Action Plan are of current significance and relevance as they were two decades ago:

* First, a binding commitment by all nations to eliminate nuclear weapons in stages;

* Second, participation by all states in the process of nuclear disarmament and here I would like to emphasis that nuclear disarmament does not alone mean arms control;

* Third, demonstration of good faith and building of confidence through tangible progress towards the common goal of a nuclear weapon free world;

* Fourth, changes in doctrines, policies and institutions to sustain a world free of nuclear weapons.

The vision of Rajiv Gandhi continues to guide India's approach to nuclear disarmament. Personalities such as Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Sam Nunn and William Perry who were at the center of crafting nuclear policy and who thought that nuclear weapons were essential to the security of their state are having a rethink today.

We welcome this development and hope it leads, as envisaged in the Rajiv Gandhi Action Plan, to a commitment by all states to a nuclear weapon free world. As a responsible nuclear weapon power, India is ready to play its part in the process leading to global, non-discriminatory and verifiable elimination of nuclear weapons.

[Source: Pranab Mukherjee (India's External Affairs Minister), "Security in the Asian Century", Rediff News, February 6, 2008]

February 6, 2008

What's in a name

Uncle Sam's Nuclear Cabin is the title of a book which detail's the CPM party's opposition to the Indo-US nuclear deal. CPM party boss Prakash Karat is also the managing director of the book's publisher, Leftword. The book consists of three essays -- by Prabir Purkayastha, Ninan Koshy, and M.K. Bhadrakumar. The title suggests high hopes by the publisher in changing public opinion, as it is clearly inspired by the Uncle Tom's Cabin book which created quite a stir in the USA in the years before the War Between the States.

[Ref: Jayanth Jacob, "Book Fair blow forces Karat to defer launch of N-essays | Publisher Prakash pained", The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), February 6, 2008, p. 1]

January 26, 2008

front page clipping

This is from the front page of today's DNA - Daily News & Analysis, from Mumbai, India.

August 27, 2007

N-sub: India's stealthy agreement with Russia

On June 15, 2008, the Indian Navy will commission the INS Chakra, a 12,000-tonne Akula-II class nuclear-powered attack submarine, from the far eastern Russian port of Vladivostok. The submarine, which is being built at a shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, marks the fruition of a $650-million (Rs 2,600 crore) secret deal signed by the NDA government three-and-a-half years ago, which said that India would finance the construction of an unfinished Russian nuclear submarine hull and then lease it for 10 years. The impending acquisition of the Chakra gives India the long-awaited third leg of the nuclear triad -- the others being air and land-based nuclear delivery platforms ... The lease of the Akula-II submarine -- originally slated for the cash-strapped Russian Navy and on which construction had ceased at the Amur shipyard in the 1990s -- will make India the world's sixth power to operate a nuclear submarine. It has only one precedent -- the three-year transfer of a Charlie-I class nuclear attack submarine (also named Chakra) from the Soviet Union in January 1988, which took advantage of a loophole in international treaties. The treaties prohibit the sale of nuclear submarines but do not object to a lease, provided the submarines are not equipped with nuclear weapons or missiles with a range of over 300 km. The Chakra will be stripped of its inventory of strategic cruise missiles with a range of 3,000 km, as these violate the Missile Technology Control Regime, but India will not be prevented from equipping the submarine with its own missiles, such as the indigenously built nuclear-tipped cruise missiles with a range of over 1,000 km. The 10-year lease -- which may be extended later -- differs from that of the Charlie-I class submarine in some important aspects. While the latter's reactor controls and missile launch area were manned by Soviet naval personnel, the new Chakra will be manned entirely by an Indian crew, which is to leave for Vladivostok in December. Nearly 300 Indian naval personnel, or three sets of crews, have already been trained to man the submarine at a specially constructed facility in Sosnovy Bor, a small town near St Petersburg in Russia.

[Source: Sandeep Unnithan, "The Secret Nuke Sub Deal | How a stealthy agreement with Russia gives India an undersea platform to launch nuclear weapons", India Today, September 3, 2007 cover date (subscription required)]

October 25, 2006

* Indo-US nuke deal vital from international perspective: Kakodkar
Press Trust of India/The Hindu

As the fate of Indo-US nuclear deal remains uncertain, India today said if it does not go through the American Congressional process, the ...

* Bush vs Chavez & the lesson for India
Rediff (India)

The Indian side was expecting reassurances about the fate of the nuclear deal, still stuck in the mire of the American legislative system. ...

* India's new face for the world
Asia Times Online (Hong Kong)

... in the Foreign Ministry, given the arduous task of chaperoning India's relations with the world, including the US and the vexed Indo-US nuclear deal that hangs ...

* India, Romania sign pacts in defence and energy sectors
Islamic Republic News Agency (Iran)

... Romania also supports India's efforts to generate nuclear energy. Romania, which is a member of the 45-nation Nuclear Suppliers' Group ...

August 2, 2006

India's BJP party, but not all the left, opposes n-deal with USA

Yashwant Sinha (BJP Rajya Sabha member and former external affairs minister) said that the 18 July 2005 joint statement, which laid the framework of the nuclear deal, aimed at stifling India's nuclear weapons programme and that the BJP's worst fears have now come true. He said the party had identified about 14-15 serious departures from the 18 July agreement. He said the Prime Minister's speech in Parliament, ruling out any compromise on the joint statement, was in shambles. "The US is fixing benchmarks. It is imposing new conditions (on India's nuclear programme). We will oppose it tooth and nail", Mr Sinha asserted. Mr Sinha criticised the government over its alleged failure to suggest an alternative plan to produce weapons grade plutonium once the country's only reactor, Cyrus, capable of producing it shuts down in 2010 as per the agreement. He said no such conditions had been imposed on Pakistan. "This will increase Pakistan capability" to produce nuclear weapons as compared to India, he said.

The BJP today said it was determined to bring a resolution in Parliament highlighting serious departure from the 18 July 2005 Indo-US joint statement, with or without the support of other political parties. The UPA government is apparently in no mood to oblige the BJP and its allies by taking up the resolution.

[Source: Statesman News Service, "BJP FIRM ON INDO-US DEAL HOUSE RESOLUTION", The Statesman (India), August 2, 2006]

August 1, 2006

Mole - without a name to go with it, the charge flounders

When Leader of Opposition Jaswant Singh rose to speak in the Rajya Sabha today, breathless members were anticipating a dramatic revelation. He was to explain his claims that an official of former prime minister P V Narasimha Rao had leaked India's nuclear secrets to the US. Nearly an hour into his answer, Jaswant had said everything except the name of the mole and Congress members wanted nothing but the name. Result: commotion. Two hours and an adjournment later, Jaswant did not give the name, provoking Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to say "now the nation will draw its conclusions." Manmohan asked Jaswant, uncharacteristically direct: "Who is the mole, why are you shying away from that?" Jaswant insisted he had "answered the way I can," and it "is up to the government now to do what it wants to." ... The PM said that former US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott had written in his book that Jaswant Singh had given an assurance to him to "deliver India on CTBT" (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). Manmohan also recalled that the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee had said India was ready to convert the de facto moratorium (on nuclear tests) into a de jure moratorium. "It is for the country to judge to what level the top BJP leadership can stoop," he said when asked whether the government planned any action against the senior BJP leader for his remarks and his failure to name the mole.

[Source: Indian Express, "MOLE MOUNTAIN BECOMES MOLEHILL", August 1, 2006]

July 4, 2006

India - Kudankulam plant construction behind schedule

The first of the 1000-MW LWRs being built with Russian aid at Kandankulam near Kanyakumari will miss commissioning target by "a few months" because of problems with the Russian nuclear industry, according to Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC) officials. The original plan envisioned unit 1 coming online in 2007, with unit 2 following in 2008. Unit 2 is said to be on schedule, but unit 1 criticality looks like April 2008 at best. When Russia privatised its nuclear industry a few years ago, management changes created a number of operational problems. Hardly any work was done in this period, and the supply of components to the project was affected. The delay prompted Russia and India to set up a joint working group to expedite the plant's construction. And Russia has again nationalized its nuclear industry.

[Source: Srinivas Laxman (Times News Network), "TN nuke plant to get critical by April '08", The Times of India (Mumbai edition), July 4, 2006, p. 10]

* Pakistan to buy F16s; India not so happy

* [2006-05-30] General Electric targets $8 bln India sales by 2010
Reuters India

* [2006-05-29] Spent N-fuel idles away at Tarapur unit
Seema Kamdar, Daily News & Analysis

* [2006-05-28] India-US nuclear deal on track
Arun Kumar, NewKerala

* [2006-05-26] India wants US nuclear deal to ensure growth
Reuters

* [2006-05-26] India admits more work to be done on nuclear deal with US
Yahoo!7 News

* [2006-05-26] N-deal: India won't test but won't sign on it
Rediff

* [2006-05-26] India committed to unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing
Zee News

* [2006-05-24] India says no to nuke test ban
UPI

* [2006-05-23] US said flexible on India nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-05-22] Indian, US officials bid to rescue landmark nuclear deal
Yahoo!7 News

* [2006-05-21] India to double power production from N-plants
Hindustan Times

* [2006-05-18] Sixty Years of The Bikini Exodus
Calcutta Telegraph

* [2006-05-18] India to start third nuclear reactor
UPI

* [2006-05-18] India to hold key pre-NSG talks
UPI

* [2006-05-17] US to propose treaty on nuclear fuel production
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-05-17] US, India try to rescue nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-05-16] US pressure halts test-firing of India's Agni-III missile
IRNA

* [2006-05-16] State Dept. Official Defends India Pact
Foster Klug, The Guardian

* [2006-05-15] India's unlikely nuclear recruits
Monica Chadha, BBC News

* [2006-05-11] Friend of India wants to scuttle n-deal
Aziz Haniffa, Rediff

* [2006-05-11] 1998: India explodes nuclear controversy
BBC News

* [2006-05-11] Update 1-Democrat proposes compromise on India nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-05-11] Taking stock of India
Nuclear Engineering

* [2006-05-05] India against changes to US nuke deal
United Press International

Faced with the prospect of amendments to the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement, India has said it is against any changes to the deal ...

* [2006-05-05] India rejects any changes in nuke deal
Kerala Online (India)

India on Thursday made it clear that it will accept no 'amendments' to the civil nuclear agreement signed with the US rejecting reported suggestions in this ...

* [2006-05-05] India Rejects Tinkering With The Nuke Deal By The US
RTTNews/Trading Markets (CA)

India yesterday rejected suggestions by US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice that New Delhi accept 'amendments' to the civil nuclear agreement and ...

* [2006-05-05] Aussies may sell uranium to India
India Monitor (UK)

... deputy secretary David Ritchie in the department of foreign affairs and trade has made a quiet visit to New Delhi for talks on nuclear issues, including ...

* [2006-05-05] India's nuclear protection system 'excellent', says US
Hindustan Times (India)

The protection system put in place by India for its nuclear and strategic assets is 'excellent' says the US State Department in its latest report on Global ...

* [2006-05-05] India against changes to U.S. nuke deal
UPI

* [2006-05-05] India's nuclear protection system 'excellent', says US
PK Balachandran, Hindustan Times

* [2006-05-04] Living next to India's uranium mine
Mark Whitaker, BBC News

* [2006-05-04] Changes in N-deal unacceptable, India tells US
Sify

* [2006-05-04] India rejects amendments to nuclear deal
Xinhua News

* [2006-05-03] India should be ready to accept amendments to N-deal: Rice
Sridhar Krishnaswami, Rediff

* [2006-05-03] Be prepared for changes in N-deal, Rice tells India
Sridhar Krishnaswami, Sify

* [2006-05-02] India for early nod for nuclear agreement
Amit Baruah, The Hindu

* [2006-04-29] Al-Qaida attacks Indo-US nuke deal
Agence France Presse/The Statesman (India)

Al Qaeda's Number 2 man -- Ayman al-Zawahiri -- criticized the USA's disparate treatment of India compared to Pakistan. Zawahiri also criticized Pakistan President Musharraf for his support of USA: "Gen. Musharraf is fighting Islam in Pakistan... (he) threatens national security... ... (he) has placed PakistanÕs nuclear programme under American, therefore Jewish and Indian, control. I call on the people of Pakistan to work to remove this traitor from power."

* [2006-04-29] Comment: Going nuclear? Think again
New Straits Times (Malaysia)

TWO decades ago last week, the world witnessed its worst nuclear disaster at the Ukraine nuclear reactor site, Chernobyl, then part of the Soviet Union. ...

* Chernobyl, frame by frame
Financial Express (India)

... Something that may justifiably fall in this category is nuclear power. ... A new generation of nuclear plants is coming up, including in India. ...

* Ukrainian president: Land around Chernobyl should be brought "back ...
Pravda (Russia)

Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko said Saturday that the area around the ruined Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the site of the world's worst nuclear ...

* As UN Assembly Marks 20 Years Since Chernobyl
NewsBlaze (CA)

The United Nations General Assembly today marked 20 years since the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the most severe in the history of the nuclear power industry ...

* Kiev rally demands pension raise for Chernobyl survivors
RIA Novosti (Russia)

... to the streets in the Ukrainian capital to demand pension raise just three days after the world marked an anniversary of the worst civilian nuclear disaster to ...

* [2006-04-29] UGC chairman pitches for reservation in pvt institutes
Pune Newsline (India)

... On the nuclear deal between India and the US, Singh said that the government should come out with a white paper. ÔÔIf the agreement ...

* Under the scanner
Economic Times (India)

... by the marketplace. Einsten's theories were widely disputed until the power of nuclear physics converted everyone. Few listened ...

* N-plant at Tarapore to go critical next month
Newindpress (subscription) (India)

MUMBAI: CountryÕs second indigenious 540 mega watt nuclear power plant at Tarapore is likely to go critical by middle of next month as the fuel bundle ...

* [2006-04-29] Employers change hiring practices amid crackdown
Lodi News-Sentinel (CA)

... of Homeland Security in 2003, the agency's focus shifted from general employers to those who employ workers at commercial airports, nuclear and chemical plants ...

* California panel votes against nuclear plants
Casa Grande Valley Newspapers (AZ)

The commission issued a report that was triggered by the "renewed enthusiasm" about nuclear power in Washington and overseas, commissioner John Geesman said. ...

* World briefs
The Statesman (India)

... rallied in TurkeyÕs Black Sea coastal city of Sinop today, to protest against the government plans to build the countryÕs first nuclear power plant there. ...

* Calif. Energy Commission Says Keep Ban on New nuclear Plants
ABC30.com (CA)

April 29, 2006 - In its first comprehensive look at nuclear power in nearly 30 years, the California Energy Commission recommended Friday that the state ...

* Thousands Protest nuclear Plant in Sinop
Zaman Online (Turkey)

Thousands of people held a demonstration in Sinop today in protest at the planned construction of nuclear power plants near the Black Sea city. ...

* Asia Is Turning to Plants for Fuel
Bismarck Tribune ( USA)

... 2030. Much of this will come from nuclear plants, but it is also examining wind power and other methods including jatropha. About ...

* [2006-04-29] Chernobyl, frame by frame
Suman Tarafdar, India Financial Express

* [2006-04-28] India signals energy self-reliance
NDTV

* [2006-04-28] Western Shoshone and others file suit to halt detonation
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* [2006-04-27] India has sold its nuclear soul to the US
Brahma Chellaney, Rediff

* [2006-04-27] Bush administration slammed in Senate over Indian nuclear deal
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-27] Editorial: India, Pakistan must get serious about nuclear issues
Pakistan Daily Times

* [2006-04-26] India joins N-fusion reactor club
Times of India

* [2006-04-26] Pakistan, India expect nuclear safety pact in July
Reuters

* [2006-04-25] US tries to clear N-deal cloud
Calcutta Telegraph

* [2006-04-25] US plays down India's refusal to reaffirm nuclear test commitment
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-25] Russia ignores US, delivers nuclear fuel to India
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-04-25] India confident US Congress to pass nuclear deal
Reuters

* [2006-04-25] Pakistan, India to hold nuclear talks
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-25] India, Pakistan talk nuclear safety, war
UPI

* [2006-04-25] Once Boon, Ties to Bush May Be Bust
David D. Kirkpatrick, New York Times

* [2006-04-24] EPA honors tribes as environmental heroes
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* [2006-04-24] Pakistan, India to hold nuclear talks on Tuesday
Xinhua News

* [2006-04-24] Testing is new wrinkle in US-India nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-04-23] India begins mass production of anti-nuclear radiation suits
NewKerala

* [2006-04-22] Concerns over N-deal not credible: India
Times of India

* [2006-04-21] US not to insist on new nuke commitments from India
Deccan Herald

* [2006-04-21] Indian tribe, downwinders ask court to stop Nevada desert blast
Ken Ritter, Las Vegas SUN

* [2006-04-20] Bush's Indian Ally
Jim Hoagland, Washington Post

* [2006-04-19] India: 50k MW nuclear energy by 2030
UPI

* [2006-04-19] India sourcing uranium
Nuclear Engineering

* [2006-04-18] India refuses US proposal to stop nuclear test
Xinhua News

* [2006-04-18] India: Against U.S. nuclear conditions
UPI

* [2006-04-18] We'll retain right to N-tests: India to US
India Financial Express

* [2006-04-17] Western Shoshone oppose planned 700-ton detonation
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* [2006-04-17] Indian military kicks off nuclear warfare conference
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-17] India rejects US condition
Calcutta Telegraph

* [2006-04-15] India-US deal will destroy nuclear research
P.K. Iyengar and M. Gupta, India Monitor

* [2006-04-13] US spies failed to warn of Indian nuclear tests: secret documents
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-13] Atomic agency safeguards will speed Indian nuke deal: US senator
Yahoo! Australia

* [2006-04-08] No revisions on N-deal: India
Mumbai Mirror

* [2006-04-08] India rejects US suggestion on defining nuclear deterrent
Sify

* [2006-04-08] India won't define minimum N-deterrent: Saran
Rediff

* [2006-04-08] Senior US lawmakers to travel to India for nuclear talks
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-08] Rosatom chief visits Indian nuclear power plant construction site
Itar-Tass

* [2006-04-07] US envoy says India nuclear deal could take a year to implement
Yahoo! Australia

* [2006-04-07] Senior US lawmakers to travel to India for nuclear talks
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-07] Extend N-deal to Pak to lower tension in region: Aziz to US
Outlook India

* [2006-04-07] Indian Official: 8 Nuke Plants Necessary
Foster Klug, Guardian

April 6, 2006

* Uranium sales to proliferators free up other uranium for weapons programs

* India has not passed nuclear technology to others

* [2006-04-06] India nuclear deal serves nonproliferation
Kaushik Kapisthalam, San Francisco Chronicle

* [2006-04-06] 'India giving up more, gaining less from N-deal'
Onkar Singh, Rediff

* [2006-04-06] Congress Wary, but Receptive to India Deal
Paul Richter, Los Angeles Times

* [2006-04-06] Rice Seeks Backing for Nuclear Deal for India
Steven R. Weisman, New York Times

* [2006-04-06] Rice Appeals For Nuclear Deal for India
Glenn Kessler, Washington Post

* [2006-04-06] Lawmakers Say They Support India Nuke Plan
Foster Klug, Guardian

* [2006-04-06] US to push for South Asian moratorium on nuclear weapons: Rice
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-05] Rice warns Congress against tinkering with US-India nuclear deal
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-05] Rice Faces Questions on India Nukes Deal
Barry Schweid, AP/Las Vegas SUN

* [2006-04-05] Rice Urges Congress on Deal With India
John O'Neil, New York Times

* [2006-04-05] Rice to Lay Out U.S.-India Nuclear Deal Before Some Skeptical Lawmakers
Dafna Linzer, Washington Post

* [2006-04-05] Rice Faces Congress on India Nuclear Plan
Liz Sidoti, Guardian

* [2006-04-05] Rice urges US-India nuclear deal in Congress
Carol Giacomo and Vicky Allen, Reuters

* [2006-04-05] India-US nuclear deal not easy sell in Washington
Reuters

* [2006-04-05] Selling India-US nuclear deal to US Congress tough task: Burns
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-04-04] India to set off PR blitz on nuclear deal
K S Subrahmanya, Deccan Herald

* [2006-04-04] US should ask India to cut-off fissile production: Expert
Rediff

* [2006-04-04] India, UK discuss nuclear energy cooperation
IRNA

* [2006-04-04] Russian nuclear energy chief to visit India this week
Zee News

* [2006-04-03] Questions emerge on India's nuclear power push
Rajat Bhattacharya and Anirban Nag, Reuters

* [2006-04-03] India to talk safeguards with IAEA
UPI

* [2006-04-03] India Nuclear Deal May Face Hard Sell
Glenn Kessler, Washington Post

* [2006-04-03] France denies nuclear fuel to India
Times of India

* [2006-04-03] U.S. and India Sign Historic Agreement on FutureGen Project
DOE

April 2, 2006

* India deal - working on the nuances of IAEA safeguards

* [2006-04-02] Russia supplies enriched uranium fuel to Indian atomic power plant
Yahoo! Australia

* [2006-04-02] India receives 60 metric tonnes of Russian enriched uranium
Deccan Herald

* [2006-04-02] India receives 60 metric tonnes of Russian uranium
Sify

* [2006-04-02] Anil Kakodkar to visit Vienna to discuss N-safeguards
Times of India

* [2006-04-02] Russia Sends First Uranium Shipment to Indian Nuclear Plant
MosNews

* [2006-04-01] 'India's nuclear prowess superior to many'
India Financial Express

* [2006-04-01] Nuke deal blow
India Statesman

* [2006-04-01] Russian uranium lands
Srinivas Laxman, Times of India

* [2006-03-31] U.S.-Indian Nuclear Deal No Shoo-In
Paul Richter, Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-31] India warns of setback to US ties if nuclear deal is scrapped
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-31] Indian nuclear deal: Bad timing by Bush
Kaushik Kapisthalam, Asia Times

* [2006-03-31] NTPC firms up plans for nuclear power
Utpal Bhaskar, India Business Standard

* [2006-03-31] N-deal leaves India at the mercy of US: M M Joshi
Vishal Arora, Sify

* [2006-03-30] China backs IndiaÕs efforts to develop nuclear power
Sify

* [2006-03-30] India says nuclear deal will not spark arms race
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-03-30] Saran, Rice work on N-deal implementation
Times of India

* [2006-03-30] Wen says India nuclear development must follow international rules
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-29] Analysis: India mulls private nuke sector
Kushal Jeena, UPI

* [2006-03-29] A Dangerous Deal With India
Jimmy Carter, Washington Post

* [2006-03-29] Carter slams US-India nuclear deal
Yahoo! Australia

* [2006-03-28] Key states hold judgment on US-India nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-03-28] Indian Officials in D.C. for Nuke Deal
Foster Klug, Guardian

* [2006-03-26] Irrelevance of Indo-US nuclear pact
India Economic Times

* [2006-03-26] Saran to explain nuclear deal to US lawmakers
India Business Standard

* [2006-03-26] 'Lot rides on outcome of India nuke bill'
Times of India

* [2006-03-26] Merkel criticizes American-Indian nuclear deal: Der Spiegel
IRNA

* [2006-03-25] Bush's nuclear agreement with India on shaky legs
James Sterngold, San Francisco Chronicle

* [2006-03-25] Merkel criticizes American-Indian nuclear deal: Der Spiegel
IRNA

* [2006-03-23] Bush wants India N-deal to be his legacy to history
Sify

* [2006-03-23] See-saw battle over N-deal with India on
Chidanand Rajghatta, Times of India

* [2006-03-23] N-deal with India not to upset balance of power: US
Pakistan Times

* [2006-03-23] US lobbies for nuclear trade with India
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-23] India, US rally for their nuclear deal
Siddharth Srivastava, Asia Times

* [2006-03-23] Indian Pt. evac plans get another look
Jim Fitzgerald, NY Daily News

* [2006-03-22] Nunn Urges Congress to Set Conditions on U.S.-India Nuclear Pact
Glenn Kessler, Washington Post

* [2006-03-22] India a 'singularly important' foreign priority: US
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-22] Bush urges Congress to approve nuclear deal with India
Xinhua News

* [2006-03-21] Pakistan clamors for same US nuclear deal as India
Zeeshan Haider, Reuters

* [2006-03-20] Both India, America stand to gain from nuclear pact: Kissinger
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-18] Pakistan Rejects U.S.-India Nuke Deal
Munir Ahmad, Guardian

* [2006-03-17] U.S. told to stop abuse of Western Shoshone
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* [2006-03-17] Counting friends in Washington
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* [2006-03-17] Many in Congress Want to Change Nuclear Deal With India
Joel Brinkley, New York Times

* [2006-03-17] U.S.-India Nuke Bill Sent to the Hill
Foster Klug, Guardian

* [2006-03-17] Pakistan warns India nuclear deal will 'unravel' NPT
Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-17] India to start uranium mining
IRNA

* [2006-03-16] Proposed law for nuclear trade with India sent to Capitol Hill
Platts

* [2006-03-16] US says nuclear deal with India will take months
Carol Giacomo, Diplomatic Correspondent, Reuters

* [2006-03-16] US Congress takes up controversial US-India nuclear deal
Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-15] Panel to review nuclear engineer's claim
Indianapolis Star

* [2006-03-14] US Congress may attach conditions to nuclear deal with India
Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-13] Our Opportunity With India
Condoleezza Rice, Washington Post

* [2006-03-13] Rice says US-Indian nuclear deal will strengthen security
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-13] Outside View: Emasculating Nuclear India
M D Nalapat, UPI

* [2006-03-13] India tightens rules for nuclear export
IRNA

* [2006-03-12] No cap on India's strategic programme
Amit Baruah, The Hindu

* [2006-03-12] What is the nuclear fuel cycle
India Economic Times

* [2006-03-11] Report faults India's non-proliferation record
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-03-11] Indian PM defends new friend Washington, nuke deal
Terry Friel, Reuters

* [2006-03-11] India involved in illicit nuclear activities: US think tank
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-11] US-India nuclear deal could be worth 100 billion dlrs
Yahoo! Australia

* [2006-03-11] 'IAEA safeguards will confer N-status to India'
Rediff

* [2006-03-10] Bush sends India nuclear request to Congress: sources
Reuters

* [2006-03-10] Report faults India's nonproliferation record
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-03-10] India involved in illicit nuclear activities: US think tank
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-10] US-India nuclear deal to spur 100 billion dollars in energy ventures
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-09] NTPC eyes experts for nuclear foray
India Economic Times

* [2006-03-09] Nuclear authorities endorse India-US N-deal
Rediff

* [2006-03-08] White House defends India-US nuclear pact
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-08] W.House takes on critics of India nuclear deal
Steve Holland, Reuters

* [2006-03-07] Prairie Island seeks nuclear waste disposal
David Melmer, Indian Country Today

* [2006-03-07] Bush Campaigning for U.S.-India Nuke Deal
Foster Klug, Guardian

* [2006-03-07] India says to complete nuclear separation by 2014
Y.P. Rajesh, Reuters

* [2006-03-07] India says nuclear deterrent capabilities intact despite US pact
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-07] Press Statement of Arjun Makhijani on the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal
IEER

* [2006-03-07] Some Say India Deal Ignores Another Energy Need: Food
Paul Watson, Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-07] Letters: Bush sowed seeds of destruction in India
Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-06] Two standards question for Bush
Jonathan Beale, BBC News

* [2006-03-06] Nuclear Pact with India Seen as Surrender
Jim Lobe, IPS

* [2006-03-06] US insists India nuclear deal will not spark arms race
Reuters

* [2006-03-06] Australia PM says may consider uranium sale to India
Reuters

* [2006-03-05] Nuke separation plan a surrender to US: BJP
Sify

* [2006-03-05] Bush wraps up South Asia trip; braces for political opposition over nukes deal
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-05] We Are (Aren't) Safer With India in the Nuclear Club
David E. Sanger, New York Times

* [2006-03-05] India to press Australia for uranium deal: Singh
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-05] Bush wraps up South Asian trip with nuclear deal, terror assurances
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-05] Australian PM rules out uranium sales to India
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* [2006-03-04] Bush Says Pakistan Cannot Expect Nuclear Deal Like One With India
Elisabeth Bumiller and Carlotta Gall, New York Times

* [2006-03-04] Bush calls India ally in 'cause of human liberty'
Randeep Ramesh, The Guardian

* [2006-03-03] United States Continuing To Pursue Nuclear Agreement with India
Washington File

* [2006-03-03] Bush Signs Nuclear Pact With India
Peter Wallsten, Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-03] Bush Likely to Face Opposition on Atomic Deal With India
Steven R. Weisman, New York Times

* [2006-03-03] Bush and India Reach Pact That Allows Nuclear Sales
Elisabeth Bumiller and Somini Sengupta, New York Times

* [2006-03-03] Nuclear India
Washington Post

* [2006-03-03] U.S., India Reach Deal On Nuclear Cooperation
Jim VandeHei and Dafna Linzer, Washington Post

* [2006-03-03] Bush Ushers India Into Nuclear Club
Terence Hunt, Guardian

* [2006-03-03] Bush: U.S. Shouldn't See India As Threat
Deb Riechmann, Guardian

* [2006-03-03] Key atomic states to weigh US-India deal: Germany
Reuters

* [2006-03-03] Bush defends nuclear pact with India
Steve Holland, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] U.S. and India Reach Historic Agreement on FutureGen Project
DOE

* [2006-03-02] Bush to Push Nuclear Deal With India
Peter Wallsten, Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-02] U.S. and India Reach Agreement on Nuclear Cooperation
Elisabeth Bumiller and Somini Sengupta, New York Times

* [2006-03-02] U.S., India Seal Nuclear Deal
Jim VandeHei, Muneeza Naqvi and Fred Barbash, Washington Post

* [2006-03-02] U.S.-Indian Nuclear Deal Faces Obstacles
Foster Klug, Guardian

* [2006-03-02] Bush Defends Nuclear Agreement With India
Deb Riechmann, Guardian

* [2006-03-02] U.S., India Reach Agreement on Nuke Deal
Deb Riechmann, Guardian

* [2006-03-02] Bush heads to Indian cyber city and more protests
Terry Friel, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] US ready to sell advanced arms to India -Pentagon
Reuters

* [2006-03-02] Critics slam India nuclear deal
Carol Giacomo, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] U.N. watchdog welcomes US-India nuclear deal
Simon Denyer and Tabassum Zakaria, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] India's oil reliance to grow despite U.S. atomic pact
Charlotte Cooper and Himangshu Watts, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] India, US seal nuclear deal amid anti-Bush rallies
Steve Holland and Simon Denyer, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] India, Pakistan got atomic arms "legitimately": US
Irwin Arieff, Reuters

* [2006-03-02] US, India clinch nuclear deal, call pact 'historic'
Yahoo! Asia

* [2006-03-02] India agrees to open 14 out of 22 N-reactors to IAEA
IRNA

* [2006-03-01] Bush makes first visit to India
BBC News

* [2006-03-01] Bush Arrives in India Seeking Nuclear Deal
Matthew Rosenberg, Guardian

* [2006-03-01] Protests, nuclear talks for Bush's first India visit
Reuters

* [2006-03-01] Editorial: Rethinking India
Los Angeles Times

* [2006-03-01] Bush curries favor with India, India opens its markets, and nukes seal the love
SFGate

* [2006-03-01] India awaits Bush, all eyes on nuclear deal
Y.P. Rajesh, Reuters

September 7, 2005

UK is India's advocate in NSG

The UK is lobbying other members of Nuclear Suppliers Group for a special exemption for India. Winning over the NSG membership is one of the main obstacles to implementing the recent Indo-US joint statement and inducting India into the present global nuclear technology regime [Ref: Hindustan Times, "Blair in India: Strategic ties on agenda", Sept 7, 2005, p. 6]

Fusion

The EU is expected to make formal pitch to India to join ITER project. [Ref: Times of India, "EU for India joining N-fusion project", Sept 7, 2005, p. 11]

April 18, 2005

* India-Pakistan peace 'irreversible'
UPI, 7:09 am EST

Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf issued a joint statement Monday saying peace between the two nuclear powers is "irreversible." Both sides pledged not to let militant attacks impede the peace process. Musharraf told editors Monday military solutions were "not the option anymore." It was Musharraf's first visit to India since a failed summit in 2001.

* 2005-03-28: Power gets cheaper as N-plants scale up
Tamal Bandyopadhyay, India Business Standard

* 2005-03-28: Global nuclear policy irks India
BBC News

* 2005-03-28: India: World Failing on Nuke Proliferation
Rajesh Mahapatra, The Guardian

* 2005-03-28: India accuses nuclear superpowers of turning blind eye to nuke bazaar
Agence France Presse/Yahoo! News

* 2005-03-28: PAEC to upgrade Pakistan's nuke facilities
Netindia123

* 2005-03-27: Courting a Pair of South Asia Partners
Somini Sengupta, New York Times

* 2005-03-26: MOX Fuel Testing to Begin This Summer at Catawba Nuclear Station
India Express

* 2005-03-26: U.S. Is Set to Sell Jets to Pakistan; India Is Critical
Thom Shanker and Joel Brinkley, New York Times

* 2005-03-26: India, U.S. Agree to Push Defense, Energy Ties
Sugita Katyal, Reuters

* 2005-03-26: Pakistan gets IAEA request for N-parts
Times of India

* 2005-03-24: Equipment Supplies for Indian Nuclear Plant to Finish in 2006
RIA Novosti

* 2005-03-23: USA allowed Pak to go nuclear: report
India Tribune

* 2005-03-22: Rising Energy Needs Renew Nuclear Interest
India Daily

* 2005-03-21: 'Pakistan may hand over A.Q. Khan to US'
Times of India

* 2005-03-18: Nuclear noose tightens around Pak
Times of India

* 2005-03-17: U.S. May Give Help to India on Atom Site
Joel Brinkley, New York Times

* 2005-03-15: Services in uranium industry remain a public utility: Govt
Press Trust of India

* 2005-03-14: `Stage 2 nuclear technology can meet energy needs`
India Business Standard

* 2005-03-13: Legislative poll response -- Indian casino
Provo Daily Herald

* 2005-03-13: India interested in EU's ITER energy project
India Express

* 2005-03-13: 5,000 nuclear power reactors needed: Ritch:
New Kerala

* 2005-03-11: Treaty may prevent nuclear storage
Brenda Norrell, Indian Country Today

* 2005-03-09: Tsunami pushes up nuclear reactor
M.R. Venkatesh, Calcutta Telegraph

* 2005-03-08: Atomic energy plan on course
Girish Kuber, India Economic Times

* 2005-03-07: ... booming uranium market
Rebecca Bream, Financial Times (London, England), p. 24

The spot price of uranium, which determines how much miners charge nuclear power companies for the radioactive metal, had been languishing at about $10 per pound since the late 1980s. Last year, however, uranium prices shot up to $20 per pound, a 20-year high. This was because uranium stockpiles were shrinking and production from mines was low, but demand from the nuclear power sector was growing. China and India both have plans to build many new nuclear power stations to help fuel their rapid industrialisation. In the developed world, support for nuclear power appears to be growing as politicians look for ways to cut fossil fuel consumption and tackle climate change. WMC, the Australian uranium, copper and nickel miner, has forecast that worries of a uranium shortage will push prices up to $30 a pound. Canada and Australia - large producers of uranium - have traditionally been the centers of investment in uranium. But the London market is starting to develop an interest in the commodity as investors rush to jump on the uranium bandwagon. Vane Minerals, one of London's "junior miners", has formed a US-based uranium subsidiary to develop up to 35 projects in North America, all of which have been drilled in the past. The group said the projects were "located within a uranium district with significant past production as well as significant resources", but would not give specific details until after all the deals were finalised. Vane said the properties had not been mined by their previous owners because the price of uranium had been low for many years.

* 2005-03-04: Herald Poll: Indian casino or nuclear waste?
Provo Daily Herald

October 3, 2004

India - two top scientists sanctioned by US for assisting Iran

India has protested USA's findings, announced last week, that two former chiefs of the state-run Nuclear Power Corporation of India had violated the Iran Non-proliferation Act of 2000. India is also requesting that sanctions against the two, scientists Y.S.R. Prasad and C. Surendar, be withdrawn. The sanctions bar the men from doing business with the U.S. government. The State Department did not detail the specific offenses by the two scientists but officials said it involved assistance to Iran's nuclear program during the first half of 2003. Analyst Henry Sokolski, executive director of the Washington-based Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, said the sanctions may relate to India's breakthrough development of an economic way to produce tritium, a radioactive isotope used in nuclear bombs. U.S. officials said the Indian cases were discussed with the government in New Delhi in advance and sanctions imposed only after New Delhi failed to take action. In addition to the two men, twelve companies, including seven from China, were also cited for violating the law. One official stressed that the two scientists, not the Indian government, were sanctioned, and New Delhi "needs to do some punishing of people like this itself and prevent these things from happening." Another official noted that the administration waived sanctions on Indian companies "four or five times in the last couple of years" but if the government did not take concrete action to redress the situation sanctions could not be waived

[Source: Carol Giacomo (Reuters diplomatic correspondent), "Nuclear Sanctions Jar Improving U.S.-India Ties", Reuters, October 3, 2004 12:50 pm ET]

January 25, 2004

India - new 1000-MW plant, plus uranium processing project, mulled for East Singhbhum

Chief Minister Arjun Munda described a proposal to build a 1000-MW nuclear power plant, at an estimated cost of Rs 5,000 crore, in East Singhbhum district. The district is already slated to get a uranium processing project estimated to cost Rs 375 crore.

[Ref: Press Trust of India, Govt proposes N-power plant,

January 19, 2004

India - expensive electricity

The power tariff for industries in India is the third highest in the world.

[Source: Dr E.A.S. Sarma (Principal of the Administrative Staff College of India), 'Energy scenario - Present and its future', speech at Workshop on Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Industry & Role of Renewable Energy, organised by the Padmasri Dr B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, cited in "Nuke power can improve energy situation: expert", The Hindu's Business Line, January 19, 2004]

December 18, 2003

India to build 3,980 MWe of new n-capacity; 500 MWe prototype fast breeder

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India is pushing ahead with the construction of 3,980 MWe of new capacity, including the Kudangulam project where pressurized water reactors will be built and 2,000 MWe of new capacity will be established. A 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor is now being built at Kalpakkam.

[Source: Ms. Jayalalithaa (The Chief Minister, govt of India), speech to 14th annual conference of the Indian Nuclear Society, cited in "Jayalalithaa promises support for nuclear projects", The Hindu, December 18, 2003]

October 31, 2003

Overview of India's reactor program

Because of a rapidly growing energy demand, India's nuclear policy is to develop and deploy as quickly as possible a closed nuclear fuel cycle with the use of thorium, which is abundant in India. They also plan to fully utilize plutonium. The first stage of their plan, building pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) with natural uranium fuel, has already reached a level of maturity with 12 plants running. The second stage, which is happening now, is to establish Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) and Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). Finally, they want to build thorium-uranium-233 fueled reactors with advanced fuel fabrication plants.

AHWR, a 300 MWe U-233 and Th and Pu-Th mixed oxide-fueled plant, is India's next-generation reactor whose main aim is to demonstrate thorium fuel cycle technologies.

Based on their experience of a sodium-cooled fast breeder test reactor, they have developed a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), apooltype, sodium-cooled, plutonium and depleted uranium oxide-fueled reactor. It is also designed to use thorium for breeding. It is planned for operation in 2009.

India is the only country studying the thorium cycle seriously. They have used thorium oxide bundles in existing PHWRs for achieving flux flattening in the core. The irradiated bundles are being used to master reprocessing techniques and the fabrication of U-233 fuel for power reactors.

Keeping up with the recent global trend, India is also working on developing a compact high-temperature reactor for high-temperature process heat applications such as hydrogen production. It will have a molten, lead-based coolant, and it will use thorium fuel.

[Source: Dr. Debu Majumdar (DOE-senior nuclear advisor, Idaho Operations Office), "Advanced reactors around the world", Nuclear Plant Journal, v21 n5, Sep/Oct 2003, p. 21]

May 30, 2003

India sees n-threats from governments of China & Pakistan, plus from radicals in Pakistan who might gain acess to that nation's nukes

The "ever-present possibility of hostile radical fundamentalist elements gaining access to weapons of mass destruction in Pakistan" was one of the major security challenges faced by India, according to the defence ministry of India's annual report for 2002-03, released Friday. Amongst the other security challenges listed was the fact that India was surrounded by two neighbours with nuclear weapons, missiles and a history of past aggression. Other challenges identified were drug trafficking and the proliferation of small arms.
[Ref: Kerala Kaumudi, "Militants may get access to Pak nukes: India", May 31, 2003

* 2000 - In preparing the UNSCEAR 2000 report on "Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation", the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation sent every member nation a Survey of Exposures, asking expert quantification of the radiation exposures to populations in that nation from natural radiation sources. The respondents for India were U.C. Mishra and K.S.V. Nambi (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Environmental Assessment Division, Mumbai).

* India 1998

from U Chicago 2004
from U Chicago 2004
U Chicago 2004 from NEA 2000 data
[Source: Nuclear Energy Agency (2000), as presented by THE ECONOMIC FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER: A Study Conducted at The University of Chicago, August 2004, p. 2-5]



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